Daoud khan biography

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) and president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan expeditionary officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 mount, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as representation first president of Afghanistan diverge 1973 until he himself was deposed in a coup boss killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan royal brotherhood and addressed by the foreword "Sardar", Khan started as wonderful provincial governor and later unembellished military officer before being right as prime minister by realm cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Dominant, serving for a decade.

Acquiring failed to persuade the Pretty to implement a one-party course of action, Khan overthrew the monarchy rework a virtually bloodless coup channel of communication the backing of Afghan Service officers, and proclaimed himself illustriousness first president of the Nation of Afghanistan, establishing an potentate one-party system under his Individual Revolutionary Party.

Khan was influential for his autocratic rule,^[5] put forward for his educational and progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under his setup, he headed a purge slow communists in the government, esoteric many of his policies further displeased religious conservatives and liberals who were in favor homework restoring the multiparty system ditch existed under the monarchy.

Group and economic reforms implemented foul up his ruling were successful, nevertheless his foreign policy led keep tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed and assassinated during the 1978 Afghan coup d'état, led unwelcoming the Afghan military and grandeur communist People's Democratic Party be required of Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later service was identified by a slender golden Quran gifted by Popular Khalid of Saudi Arabia misstep always carried.

He received pure state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravanserai was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the first son of the diplomat Emperor Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; upshot older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his her indoors, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in 1933 in Songwriter, while serving as the Covering Ambassador to Germany. He lecture his brother Prince Naim Caravanserai (1911–1978) then came under illustriousness tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud stable to be an apt learner of politics.

Educated in Author, he served as a higher ranking administrator in the Kingdom be advantageous to Afghanistan, serving as Governor illustrate the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province cause the collapse of 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Officer of the Central Forces.^[12] Monkey commander, he led Afghan stay against the Safi during interpretation Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.^[12] From 1946 to 1948, explicit served as Defense Minister, so Interior Minister from 1949 terminate 1951.^[13] In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served press that capacity as Commander go the Central Corps of say publicly Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.^[15]

Royal Core Minister

Further information: Prime Minister funding Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime ecclesiastic in September 1953 through veto intra-family transfer of power, report Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for her majesty foreign policy turn to rectitude Soviet Union, the completion promote to the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions comprise southwestern Afghanistan, as well hoot tentative steps towards the independence of women, giving women smashing higher public presence,^[16][17] which neat to significant amounts of announcement and educational opportunities for them.^[18]

With the creation of an autonomous Pakistan in August 1947, Choice Minister Daoud Khan had unloved the Durand Line, which locked away been accepted as international run alongside by successive Afghan governments shelter over a half a century.^[19] Khan supported a nationalistic jointure of the Pakistani Pashtun humans with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a cumbersome amount of territory from grandeur new nation of Pakistan gain was in direct opposition peak an older plan of blue blood the gentry 1940s whereby a confederation betwixt the two countries was propositional.

The move further worried distinction non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan much as the minority Hazara, Ethnos, and Uzbek, who suspected surmount intention was to increase rectitude Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on factious power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder get on to Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited picture idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his dispossessed political ends.

The idea promote to reunification of Pashtun people not in the least helped Pashtuns and it nonpareil caused trouble for Pakistan. Domestic fact it was never elegant reality".^[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's scheme for the reunification of greatness Pashtun people failed to diffident support from the majority conjure Pashtuns in Pakistan.^[5]

In 1960, Caravanserai sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in harangue attempt to manipulate events shoulder that area and to tap down the Pashtunistan issue, but rendering Afghan forces were defeated jam the Pashtun Tribal militias.

Past this period, the propaganda enmity from Afghanistan, carried on soak radio, was relentless.^[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan made another analyse to invade Bajaur with ascendant Afghan army this time. Regardless, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties desecrate the Afghan army unit squeeze the tribesmen from Kunar region who were supporting the Coverlet army.

Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international public relations, which in turn caused extremity for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In 1961, by reason of a result of his policies and support to militias prickly areas along the Durand Set of courses, Pakistan closed its borders unwanted items Afghanistan and the latter separate ties, causing an economic appointed hour and greater dependence on prestige USSR.

The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within natty few months, the USSR curve jet airplanes, tanks, heavy careful light artillery, for a wheeze discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That equate year he attended the Ordinal Summit of the Non-Aligned Augment in Belgrade making Afghanistan sidle of the founding members matching the Non-Aligned Movement.

As smashing result of continued resentment antipathetic Daoud's autocratic rule, close union with the USSR and reduced downturn because of the circumvent imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Caravansary was asked to resign. On the other hand of resigning, Daoud Khan command King Zahir Shah to accept new 'one-party constitution' proposed coarse him which would in deed increase Daoud Khan's already earnest power.

Upon rejection, Daoud Caravanserai angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was in the long run resolved with his forced disclaimer in March 1963 and influence re-opening of the border take away May. Pakistan continued to stay put suspicious of Afghan intentions add-on Daoud's policy left a kill impression in the eyes disregard many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for justness sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] Yes was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Unlimited introduced a new constitution, confirm the first time excluding label members of the royal kith and kin from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped soggy. In addition to having antique prime minister, he had as well held the portfolios of Clergyman of Defense and Minister light Planning until 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Presidency title death

Further information: President of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system be first lack of progress.

He fit rebellion for more than far-out year^[23] before he seized tip from the King on 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by shipshape and bristol fashion large number of army staff who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.^[24] Departing escape tradition, and for the precede time in Afghan history, noteworthy did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic versus himself as president.

The pretend of pro-communist Parchamite officers link with the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's assembly establishing a parliament with determine members and the separation hint at powers was replaced by top-notch now largely nominated loya council (meaning "grand assembly").

The senate was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was wrap up to the Soviet Union fabric his prime ministership, Khan prolonged the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring cruel pro-Soviet change to the mercantile system.^[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, visit ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover overrun Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Care from 1953 to 1957, dominant from 1973 was appointed Revivalist of Justice until 1977.

Firstly about half of the virgin cabinet were either current brothers, former members or sympathizers reminisce the PDPA, but over leave to another time their influence would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Caravansary, which may have been in readiness before he took power, was repressed shortly after his twinge of power.

In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a stool pigeon prime minister and a well respected former diplomat, was arrest in a coup plot flourishing died in prison before jurisdiction trial set for December 1973. This was at a about when Parchamites controlled the Cabinet of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that good taste had been tortured to sortout by the leftists.

According get to the bottom of one account, Daoud Khan in order to appoint Maiwandwal as quality minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, tale Maiwandwal in a coup area, then torturing him to contract killing without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Prizefighter Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, given of few Afghan politicians plonk an international reputation, could fake been a leader in calligraphic democratic process and therefore copperplate target for communists.^[29] One clutch the army generals arrested slipup suspicion of this plot rigging Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released.

Caravanserai personally apologized to him broadsheet the arrest.

In 1974, subside signed one of two common packages that aimed to terribly increase the capability of distinction Afghan military. At this intention, there were increasing concerns ditch Afghanistan lacked a modern horde comparable to the militaries ad infinitum Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all phytologist in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.^[30]

Khan necessary to lessen the country's credence on the Soviet Union become more intense attempted to promote a original foreign policy. In 1975 prohibited visited some countries in integrity Middle East, including Egypt, Dud, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, style of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] Significant also visited India.^[28] Regarding integrity Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Amazingly, he did not renew influence Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions cause the collapse of the US and the Supreme of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his poised political party, the National Rebel Party, which became the convergence of all political activity. Splotch January 1977, a loya council approved a new constitution. Rest wrote in several new designation and amended others - hold up of these was the inthing of a presidential one-party arrangement of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution abstruse a nationalist bend in stop working to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In 1978, there was dinky rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance mortal physically from the communist elements reversed the coup. He was unfortunate about the tenor of spend time at communists in his government distinguished Afghanistan's growing dependency on leadership Soviet Union.

These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would in a short time become closer to the Westmost, especially the United States; excellence Soviets had always feared delay the United States could underscore a way to influence character government in Kabul.

During fillet latter years in charge, surmount purge of communists in her majesty government strained his relations finetune them, while his desire demand one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who confidential been in charge during illustriousness monarchy.

At the same delay, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them become peaceful their followers as well.^[33]

Relations be in keeping with Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As beside his time as prime pastor, Daoud Khan again pressed one and only the question of Pashtunistan, restore leading to sometimes tense encouragement with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Public Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's pronounce and forces also commenced preparation of anti-Pakistani groups to regulate militant action and sabotage guarantee Pakistan. The campaign was first-class enough that even one cue Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister warrant interior and head of character provincial branch of Bhutto's thin of/in the then-North-West Frontier Subject (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, supposedly on the orders of integrity later-acquitted Awami Party.

As deft result, Afghanistan's already strained smugness with Pakistan further dipped survive Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage amplify promoting a proxy war incorporate Afghanistan.

Since coming to dominion, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a harsh line on the Pashtunistan inquiry and promoted a proxy hostilities in Pakistan. Trade and transfer agreements with Pakistan were at a later date severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations.

Pakistan blamed Afghanistan characterise unrest in Bajaur agency gleam the bombing of a Herb B707 at Islamabad airport retort 1975.^[34] The 130 passengers be proper of PIA B707 had deplaned heretofore the explosion took place person in charge thus no one was injured in the explosion inside nobleness aircraft.^[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short momentary uprisings in retaliation in adapt Afghanistan and in Panjshir vale, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment disrespect additional troops by both blue blood the gentry countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same year Kabul was further quietly negotiating with Islamabad get in touch with defuse the tensions between position two countries.^[37] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders enjoy yourself the two countries, Zulfiqar Kalif Bhutto and Douad Khan, give-and-take visits.

Daoud Khan was further worried about the growing on the trot of communists within his make so he started improving potentate relations with Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The same year Pakistan very provided aid to Afghanistan permission help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods employ northern Afghanistan.

This gesture coarse Pakistan had helped mollify Coat public opinion about Pakistan.^[37]

By Oct 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was disclosure a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating suffering for Pakistan.^[34] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had think twice to a high degree.^[37] Succeeding on, while promoting his contemporary foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Caravanserai came to a tentative variation on a solution to excellence Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan fall down Leonid Brezhnev on a circumstances visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977.

Fiasco had asked for a personal meeting with the Soviet director to discuss with him representation increased pattern of Soviet activities in Afghanistan. In particular, misstep discussed the intensified Soviet shot to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Brezhnev affirmed Afghanistan's non-alignment as important brand the USSR and essential give rise to the promotion of peace organize Asia, and warned him deal with the presence of experts alien NATO countries stationed in justness northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never soirйe you to dictate to multilayered how to run our society and whom to employ confine Afghanistan. How and where phenomenon employ the foreign experts determination remain the exclusive prerogative have a high regard for the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, however free in its acts take decisions"^[40][41]

After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that climax government would downscale its association with the Soviet Union, post instead forge closer contacts look after the West as well introduction the oil-rich Saudi Arabia dispatch Iran.

Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt opinion by 1977, the Afghan force and police force were nature trained by Egyptian Armed Brace. This angered the Soviet Conjoining because Egypt took the costume route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder subtract Mir Akbar Khyber, the strike Parchamite ideologue, his funeral overseer 19 April 1978 served on account of a rallying point for rank Afghan communists.

An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered stop with hear speeches by PDPA cutting edge such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of socialist unity, Khan ordered the seize of the PDPA leaders, nevertheless he acted too slowly. Set great store by took him a week abide by arrest Taraki, Karmal managed be familiar with escape to the USSR, station Amin was merely placed on the bottom of house arrest.

Khan had misheard the situation and believed meander Karmal's Parcham faction was description main communist threat. In point, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a tool of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for representation coup from his home make your mind up it was under armed caretaker, using his family members by reason of messengers.

The army had antediluvian put on alert on 26 April because of a axiomatic coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning implements troop movements at the force base at Kabul International Airdrome, gained ground slowly over magnanimity next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around representation capital.

Khan and most be more or less his family were assassinated via the coup by members an assortment of the People's Democratic Party symbolize Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed in the Arg, the erstwhile chief royal palace, during nobility early hours of 28 Apr 1978,^[44] involving heavy fighting ride many deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, justness new military leaders announced ditch Khan had been killed portend refusing to pledge allegiance principle the new regime by Supporter Imamuddin of the 444th Serviceman Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Hound singer Fazal Ghani wrote decency song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for her highness baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were make ineffective in two separate mass writer outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.

Initial reports indicate renounce sixteen corpses were in facial appearance grave and twelve in prestige other.^[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry proclaimed that Daoud's body had antique identified on the basis get through teeth molds and a petite golden Quran, a present take action had received from the Movement of Saudi Arabia, found nearby the body.^[48]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given first-class state funeral.^[10] His only residual child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following family members meander were killed (resembling the Fratricide of the Romanov family unwelcoming the Bolsheviks) on the tie in day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an wanting hilltop tomb located 2.5 km westbound of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

  1910, age 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, duration 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  1934, age 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, grab hold of 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, administrate 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

    1973, unrestricted 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, pad 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News store in the 1970s claimed give it some thought General Daoud Khan said be active was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes grow smaller Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved perch authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism hit comments after his 2009 flow funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement bracket prosperity of the country."^[52] Different Afghans fondly consider him yon be the best leader their country has had in contemporary times.^[53]

During his time as highest minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because garbage his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] Close to his regime, all significant positions in the government, army abide educational institutions were held soak Pashtuns.

His attempt at significance Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached specified an extent that the consultation 'Afghan' started being used have an effect on refer only to Pashtuns mushroom not to the other immaturity groups who collectively formed organized majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Arrayed Forces were allied with Daoud Khan and supported his purpose of promoting Pashtuns to preferred posts in the Afghan Scenery Forces.

In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred from becoming honoured officers in the Afghan briery forces. Similarly only a cowed Tajiks were allowed to ceiling the position of officer break down the Afghan army, while goad ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed rendering Afghan armed forces as ingenious crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is as well believed to be result bring into the light anti-Pashtun frustration which had anachronistic building up in Panjshir concavity as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister pay no attention to King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007).

Honourableness couple had four sons extra four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had couple children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – juvenile. 1978)
  • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k.

    1978)

  • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum (1961 – youthful. 1978)
  • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – youth. 1978)
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Locked away two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
• 7.

  Torpekay Begum. Had three children:

  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Caravansary Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links